A Fragrant Fall Beauty for Part-Shade/Shade

You can smell the soft white flowers long before they come into view. The perfume is commanding. It summons you to come closer. What is that marvellous scent?

The fragrance is as pungent as that of an oriental lily, but its lighter, without that dense mix of spices. Instead, it's a sweet blend of honey and jasmine with just a hint of vanilla.

The common names for the plant scenting the air are anything but glamorous: Bugbane, Bugwort, Cohosh and Snakeroot. None of these seems to suit the tall, rather elegant flowers or the attractive fern-like foliage.

Even the Latin name attached to this plant for hundreds of years fails to describe it properly. A British plant hunter named it 'Cimicifuga racemosa' and sent it back to England. Modern science now shows that name to be invalid.  The plant's DNA proves it is actually a member of the large Ranunculaceae family. So its proper name is 'Actaea'. This change in names is almost 20 years old, but old habits die hard, and the plant continues to be referred to by its former name 'Cimicifuga'.

Depending on the type of Actaea, the blooms don't appear until well into the summer or early fall. The flowers have no petals. Instead, there is a long stamen surrounded by starburst clusters of white stigma. The common name 'Bugbane' suggests that insects dislike the flower's strong scent, but I have noticed that ants, in particular, are frequent visitors.

The attractive fern-like foliage that can be green, dark chocolate or even a deep eggplant color depending on the cultivar. 

Cimicifuga racemosa has creamy white flowers and green fern-like foliage. It is one of the earliest Actaea to bloom (mid-summer). Part-shade. Height:120-150 cm (47-59 inches), Spread: 60-75 cm (23-29 inches). USDA zones: 3-9.

Actaea racemosa is native to eastern North America where it is found in moist woodlands. The roots of the plant have a long history of medicinal use by Native Americans. The common name 'Cohosh' is Algonquin.

Though Actaea racemosa is a native plant, most of the cultivars you'll find at your local nursery have been breed from Actaea simplex which is found in Japan and eastern Russia. It is the desirable dark leaves of the Asian Actaea that have attracted the attention of plant breeders.

A green-leafed cultivar at Lost Horizon's Nursery.

In behind the bench, you can see the tall spires of an Actaea. Lost Horizons Nursery.

Lost Horizons Nursery.

Actaea 'James Compton' in my garden.

How to Grow Actaea

Actaea needs moist conditions first and foremost. My garden has lots of dry shade, but there is a small area that is over top of our septic bed. Every time I do a wash or someone takes a shower that area of the garden is flushed with a generous amount of water.

In August we were away for a weekend.  On our return, I found my Actaea looking miserable and wilted. Without its regular supply of water, the leaves had become scorched by the sun. I got out the garden hose and I could almost see the Actaea sigh in relief.

Dark leafed cultivars, like the one I have in my garden, need bright shade rather than full shade for good leaf color. ("Bright shade" in my garden is filtered morning sunlight). Green-leafed varieties are better for more shaded locations.

Actaea likes rich soil that has been amended with compost or leaf mold.

Be patient. Actaea is slow to establish and may take a few years to bloom.

On the upside, these are long-lived perennials. Like Peonies, Actaea seldom needs to be divided. If you want to try to divide or move them, do it in the spring. Unfortunately, the plant will take quite some time to recover.

There is good news for gardeners struggling with deer. Actaea is deer resistant.

Cultivars to watch for

Actaea simplex 'White Pearl' has lacy green foliage and creamy white flowers. Part-shade or shade. Height: 90-120 cm (35-47 inches), Spread: 60-75 cm (23-29 inches). USDA zones: 3-9.

Actaea simplex 'James Compton' has white flowers tinged with pink and dark, purplish-black foliage. Part-shade. Height: 90-120 cm (35-47 inches), Spread: 60-75 cm (23-29 inches). USDA zones: 3-9.

Actaea simplex 'Black Negligee' is a sexy mix of white flowers tinged with pink and dark black foliage. Bright shade brings out the best color this cultivar's foliage. Height:120-150  cm (47-59 inches), Spread: 60-75 cm (23-29 inches). USDA zones: 3-9.

Actaea simplex 'Hillside Black Beauty' white flowers and has foliage that is a mix of deep purple and black. Height: 150-180 cm (59-70 inches), Spread: 60-75 cm (23-29 inches). USDA zones: 3-9.

Actaea simplex 'Brunette' has pale pink flowers and foliage that is a mix of purplish and black tones. Part-shade. 150-180 cm (59-70 inches), Spread: 60-75 cm (23-29 inches). USDA zones: 3-9.

Companion Plants

Any plant that likes moist, part-shade or shade can be planted alongside an Actaea. 

Early in the spring, perennials like primroses and Tiarella provide blooms that would play off the lacy foliage of an Actaea nicely.

Tiarella 'Sugar and Spice' have pink buds that open into fragrant white flowers that bloom in the early spring. This plant likes moist conditions and sandy or clay soil. Part-shade to full shade. Height: 20-35 cm (8-14 inches), Spread: 25-30 cm (10-12 inches). USDA zones: 4-9.

Japanese Painted Fern, Athyrium 'Silver Falls' 

Ferns also make excellent companion plants.

Japanese Anemone

There are also a number of perennials that bloom around the same time. Japanese Anemones, Phlox and Toad Lilies are just a few examples.

Toad lily, Tricyrtis hirta has star-shaped flowers on arching stems. The flowers are tiny so Toad lilies are best planted at the front of a flowerbed where they can be appreciated up close.  This plant likes the same moist conditions. Part-shade to full shade. Height: 60-90 cm (23-35 inches), Spread: 45-60 cm (18-23 inches). USDA zones: 4-9.

In my garden, Actaea 'James Compton' is surrounded by a number of late bloomers. Hydrangea 'Little Lime' (Sun) is to one side. (Note: The hydrangea is just that little bit further out from under the Black Walnut tree and gets a bit more sun. It too loves the moist conditions).

Tall Boneset, Eupatorium altissimum

Boneset, Eupatorium altissimum (Full sun or light shade) forms a big, white cloud in the background. Phlox 'Creme de Menthe' (Sun or part shade) also flowers in September. (If you can't find this cultivar, 'Norah Leigh' is very similar.)

Phlox 'Creme de Menthe'

I love the way Actaea simplex 'James Compton' fills the garden with perfume each autumn, but even if it never bloomed, the attractive foliage makes Actaea a perennial well worth growing.

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Hellebore Basics

I hoped to include a few images of my own Hellebore flowers in this post, but sadly they're buried under six or eight inches of snow. Snow in December is seasonal and cheery. Snow in April is just plain depressing! More rain and snow is forecast for the coming days, so it looks like warm spring weather is still at least a week away.

Hellebores are relatively new to my garden. I just have a few; a couple of plants friends have kindly given me and a few I have purchased myself. 

Plants may come recommended to you, but you can never fully appreciate what they can do for your garden until you grow them yourself. Before the weather took a turn for the colder, I took a stroll through the garden looking for signs of spring. I paused to appreciate the delicate white snowdrops and the first crocus. Then I came across the maroon Hellebore that Joy, a blogging friend, had sent me last spring. The small flowers I had just admired paled a little in comparison with the cluster of these larger flowers. 

A Hellebore in Jamie DeWolf's woodland garden.

Several factors have limited my collection of Hellebores up to this point in time. First and foremost they tend to be a bit pricy. It is hard to find a Hellebore for under twenty dollars. 

The selection available at local nurseries also seems to be very limited. I have never seen any of the nice doubles at my favourite nursery and the only colors they seem to carry are a dirty-pink and a greenish-cream. I have to wonder if the selection is this grim because consumers tend to purchase plants that are in bloom and Hellebores flower long before most gardeners think about spring purchases. To find the really nice Hellebores it seems that you have to resort to mail order companies.

Why go out of your way to track down and purchase pricy Hellebores? 

• When it comes to early blooms, they really have no rival. And Hellebores bloom for an extended time from late winter into spring. 

• Once established, care is fairly minimal. 

• Their foliage is both attractive and deer resistant.

Hellebore from the Toronto Botanical Garden.

Some Common Types of Hellebores:

• Helleborus niger, the Christmas Rose is possibly the earliest Hellebores to flower. 

• Hybrid Lenten Rose, Helleborus orientalis offers the widest selection of colors and is the most common kind of Hellebore sold.

• Helleborus fortidus has segmented or serrated foliage and prefers a bit more sun than other types of Hellebores. This is a short-lived perennial that will likely to leave seedlings behind.

Hellebore from the Toronto Botanical Garden.

How to plant a Hellebore:

• Hellebores are often billed as shade plants, but they actually prefer part-shade. These are plants that herald from the mountainous regions of Central Europe, where the can be found growing on the outer fringes of woodlands. Mimic their natural habitat by planting them on the edge of tree canopies, where they will get sun in spring, and dappled shade in summer when the leaves have filled out. 

• Plants in nursery pots can be planted in spring or fall. These are long-lived plants, so add some compost to the soil before you backfill the planting hole. 

• Hellebores prefer soil that is evenly moist. Top dressing with some mulch can help to conserve moisture. 

It is not petals but sepals that make up a Hellebore flower. 

Hellebore from the Toronto Botanical Garden.

Hellebore flowers either nod or face outward.

Ongoing Care:

• Orientalis or x hybrid types of Hellebores require a late winter/early spring cleanup.  As the snow melts fresh blooms begin to emerge at the centre of a ring of tough, leathery old foliage. Removing these leaves allows the flowers to shine. Fresh new foliage will soon appear. (Exceptions to the rule: Helleborus niger does not like to have its foliage removed. Cut off dead or damaged foliage only as needed. Cut back Hellebore foetidus and H. argutifolius only after new growth breaks at the base of the plant.)

• Hellebores grow actively in the spring and fall. In summer, they stop growing while they wait for the temperatures to become cooler. Fertilize in late fall so the plants are well supplied with nutrients when they break dormancy in late winter/early spring.

• Unlike many perennials, Hybrid Lenten Rose, Helleborus orientalis don't die back at the centre of the plant requiring division. These are long-lived plants that don't need a gardener's intervention. But if you want to divide a Hellebore, fall is the best time to do it.

• There are a few fungal diseases that can effect Hellebores. Often these problems occur with plants that are planted in overly shady, moist soil. Moving the plant may help. It is also a good idea to remove any infected leaves. 

Hellebore from the Toronto Botanical Garden.

To Purchase Hellebores by Mail Order:

Frazer Thimble Farms is a Canadian mail order company that specializes Hellebores and other rare plants. They are now taking orders for fall shipping.

Northwest Garden Nursery

Pine Knot Farms

Bluestone Perennials

Plant Delights Nursery, Inc.

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